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15.2. Construire son premier paquet

15.2.1. Métapaquet ou faux paquet

Faux paquet et métapaquet se concrétisent tous deux par un paquet vide qui n'existe que pour les effets de ses informations d'en-têtes sur la chaîne logicielle de gestion des paquets.
The purpose of a fake package is to trick dpkg and apt into believing that some package is installed even though it is only an empty shell. This allows satisfying dependencies on a package when the corresponding software was installed outside the scope of the packaging system. Such a method works, but it should still be avoided whenever possible, since there is no guarantee that the manually installed software behaves exactly like the corresponding package would and other packages depending on it would not work properly.
Le métapaquet existe en tant que collection de paquets par le biais de ses dépendances, que son installation installera donc toutes.
Pour créer ces deux types de paquets, on peut recourir aux programmes equivs-control et equivs-build (du paquet Debian equivs). La commande equivs-control fichier crée un fichier contenant des en-têtes de paquet Debian qu'on modifiera pour indiquer le nom du paquet souhaité, son numéro de version, le nom du mainteneur, ses dépendances, sa description. Tous les autres champs dépourvus de valeur par défaut sont optionnels et peuvent être supprimés. Les champs Copyright, Changelog, Readme et Extra-Files ne sont pas standards pour un paquet Debian. Propres à equivs-build, ils disparaîtront des en-têtes réels du paquet généré.

Exemple 15.2. Fichier d'en-têtes d'un faux paquet libxml-libxml-perl

Section: perl
Priority: optional
Standards-Version: 4.5.1

Package: libxml-libxml-perl
Version: 2.0207-1
Maintainer: Raphael Hertzog <[email protected]>
Depends: libxml2 (>= 2.9.10)
Architecture: all
Description: Fake package - module manually installed in site_perl
 This is a fake package to let the packaging system
 believe that this Debian package is installed.
 .
 In fact, the package is not installed since a newer version
 of the module has been manually compiled &amp; installed in the
 site_perl directory.
L'étape suivante consiste à générer le paquet Debian en invoquant la commande equivs-build fichier. Le tour est joué : le paquet est disponible dans le répertoire courant et vous pouvez désormais le manipuler comme tous les autres paquets Debian.
$ equivs-build file
equivs-build control 
dpkg-buildpackage: info: source package libxml-libxml-perl
dpkg-buildpackage: info: source version 2.0207-1
dpkg-buildpackage: info: source distribution unstable
dpkg-buildpackage: info: source changed by Raphael Hertzog <[email protected]>
dpkg-buildpackage: info: host architecture amd64
 dpkg-source --before-build .
 debian/rules clean
dh clean
   dh_clean
 debian/rules binary
dh binary
   dh_update_autotools_config
   dh_autoreconf
   create-stamp debian/debhelper-build-stamp
   dh_prep
   dh_install
   dh_installdocs
   dh_installchangelogs
   dh_perl
   dh_link
   dh_strip_nondeterminism
   dh_compress
   dh_fixperms
   dh_missing
   dh_installdeb
   dh_gencontrol
   dh_md5sums
   dh_builddeb
dpkg-deb: building package 'libxml-libxml-perl' in '../libxml-libxml-perl_2.0207-1_all.deb'.
 dpkg-genbuildinfo --build=binary
 dpkg-genchanges --build=binary >../libxml-libxml-perl_2.0207-1_amd64.changes
dpkg-genchanges: info: binary-only upload (no source code included)
 dpkg-source --after-build .
dpkg-buildpackage: info: binary-only upload (no source included)

The package has been created.
Attention, the package has been created in the current directory,
not in ".." as indicated by the messaige above!

15.2.2. Simple archive de fichiers

Les administrateurs de Falcot SA souhaitent créer un paquet Debian pour déployer facilement un ensemble de documents sur un grand nombre de machines. Après avoir étudié le guide du nouveau mainteneur, l'administrateur en charge de cette tâche se lance dans la création de son premier paquet.
Il commence par créer un répertoire falcot-data-1.0, qui abritera le paquet source qu'il a choisi de réaliser. Ce paquet se nommera donc falcot-data et portera le numéro de version 1.0. L'administrateur place ensuite les fichiers des documents qu'il souhaite distribuer dans un sous-répertoire data. Il invoque la commande dh_make (du paquet dh-make) pour ajouter les fichiers requis par le processus de génération d'un paquet (tous contenus dans un sous-répertoire debian) :
$ cd falcot-data-1.0
$ dh_make --native

Type of package: (single, indep, library, python)
[s/i/l/p]? i

Maintainer Name     : Raphael Hertzog
Email-Address       : [email protected]
Date                : Sat, 26 Feb 2021 13:02:06 +0100
Package Name        : falcot-data
Version             : 1.0
License             : gpl3
Package Type        : indep
Are the details correct? [Y/n/q]
Currently there is not top level Makefile. This may require additional tuning
Done. Please edit the files in the debian/ subdirectory now.

$
The selected type of package (indep) indicates that this source package will generate a single binary package that can be shared across all architectures (Architecture: all in debian/control). single acts as a counterpart, and leads to a single binary package that is dependent on the target architecture (Architecture: any). In this case, the former choice is more relevant since the package only contains documents and no binary programs, so it can be used similarly on computers of all architectures.
The library type corresponds to a source package leading to several binary packages. It is useful for shared libraries, since they need to follow strict packaging rules.
The dh_make command created a debian subdirectory with many files. Some are required, in particular rules, control, changelog and copyright. Files with the .ex extension are example files that can be used by modifying them (and removing the extension) when appropriate. When they are not needed, removing them is recommended. The compat file is not used nor created anymore. Instead of defining the debhelper compatibility level as a number in this file, it is now defined as a build-dependency on the debhelper-compat virtual package in the Build-Depends file in debian/control.
The copyright file must contain information about the authors of the documents included in the package, and the related copyright and license. In our case, these are internal documents and their use is restricted to within the Falcot Corp company. The default format used for this file is defined in the Format field.
The default changelog file is generally appropriate; replacing the “Initial release” with a more verbose explanation and changing the distribution from UNRELEASED or unstable to the target release name is enough.
The control file must also be updated: the Section field can be changed to misc and the Homepage, Vcs-Git and Vcs-Browser fields were removed. The Depends fields was completed with firefox-esr | www-browser so as to ensure the availability of a web browser able to display the documents in the package. If the package does not require to run any commands as root (see OUTIL fakeroot), the Rules-Requires-Root field can be left as is.

Exemple 15.3. Le fichier control

Source: falcot-data
Section: misc
Priority: optional
Maintainer: Raphael Hertzog <[email protected]>
Build-Depends: debhelper-compat (= 13)
Standards-Version: 4.5.1
Rules-Requires-Root: no

Package: falcot-data
Architecture: all
Depends: firefox-esr | www-browser, ${misc:Depends}
Description: Internal Falcot Corp Documentation
 This package provides several documents describing the internal
 structure at Falcot Corp.  This includes:
  - organization diagram
  - contacts for each department.
 .
 These documents MUST NOT leave the company.
 Their use is INTERNAL ONLY.

Exemple 15.4. Le fichier changelog

falcot-data (1.0) bullseye; urgency=low

  * Initial Release.
  * Let's start with few documents:
    - internal company structure;
    - contacts for each department.

 -- Raphael Hertzog <[email protected]>  Sat, 26 Feb 2022 15:12:06 +0100

Exemple 15.5. Le fichier copyright

Format: https://www.debian.org/doc/packaging-manuals/copyright-format/1.0/
Upstream-Name: falcot-data

Files: *
Copyright: 2004-2021 Falcot Corp
License:
 All rights reserved.
Le fichier rules contient normalement un ensemble de règles employées pour configurer, compiler et installer le logiciel dans un sous-répertoire dédié (portant le nom du paquet binaire généré). Le contenu de ce sous-répertoire est ensuite intégré au paquet Debian comme s'il était la racine du système de fichiers. Dans le cas qui nous concerne, les fichiers seront installés dans le répertoire debian/falcot-data/usr/share/falcot-data/ pour que les documents ainsi diffusés soient disponibles sous /usr/share/falcot-data/ dans le paquet généré. Le fichier rules est de type Makefile avec quelques cibles standardisées (notamment clean et binary, respectivement pour nettoyer et produire le binaire).
Bien que ce fichier soit au cœur du processus, il est fréquent qu'il ne contienne que le strict minimum pour lancer un ensemble standardisé de commandes qui sont fournies par le paquet debhelper. C'est le cas dans le fichier préparé par dh_make. Pour installer nos fichiers, nous allons simplement modifier le comportement de la commande dh_install en créant le fichier debian/falcot-data.install :
data/* usr/share/falcot-data/
At this point, the package can be created. We will, however, add a lick of paint. Since the administrators want the documents to be easily accessed from the menus of graphical desktop environments, we add a falcot-data.desktop file and get it installed in /usr/share/applications by adding a second line to debian/falcot-data.install.

Exemple 15.6. Le fichier falcot-data.desktop

[Desktop Entry]
Name=Internal Falcot Corp Documentation
Comment=Starts a browser to read the documentation
Name[fr]=Documentation interne Falcot SA
Comment[fr]=Lance un navigateur pour lire la documentation
Exec=x-www-browser /usr/share/falcot-data/index.html
Terminal=false
Type=Application
Categories=Documentation;
Le fichier debian/falcot-data.install mis à jour ressemble donc à ceci :
data/* usr/share/falcot-data/
falcot-data.desktop usr/share/applications/
Our source package is now ready. All that is left to do is to generate the binary package, with the same method we used previously for rebuilding packages: we run the dpkg-buildpackage -us -uc command from within the falcot-data-1.0 directory.