Product SiteDocumentation Site

8.8. Configuración del gestor de arranque

Probablemente ya esté funcionando, pero siempre es bueno saber cómo configurar e instalar el gestor de arranque en caso que desaparezca del registro maestro de arranque («Master Boot Record»). Esto puede ocurrir luego de la instalación de otro sistema operativo como Windows. La información a continuación también puede ayudarle a modificar la configuración del gestor de arranque si lo necesita.

VOLVER A LOS CIMIENTOS Registro maestro de arranque («Master boot record»)

El registro maestro de arranque (MBR: «Master Boot Record») ocupa los primeros 512 bytes del primer disco duro y es lo primero que carga el BIOS para otorgar el control a un programa capaz de iniciar el sistema operativo deseado. En general, se instala el gestor de arranque en el MBR eliminando su contenido anterior.

8.8.1. Identificación de discos

CULTURA udev y /dev/

El directorio /dev/ tradicionalmente almacena los llamados archivos «especiales» con el objetivo de representar los periféricos del sistema (revise el recuadro VOLVER A LOS CIMIENTOS Permisos de acceso a dispositivos). Originalmente, solía contener todos los archivos especiales que podrían llegar a utilizarse. Este enfoque acarreaba algunas desventajas, entre las que se encontraba el hecho que restringía la cantidad de dispositivos que podíamos utilizar (debido a la lista estática de nombres) y era imposible saber cuáles archivos especiales eran realmente útiles.
Hoy en día, la gestión de archivos especiales es completamente dinámica y más acorde a la naturaleza de los dispositivos electrónicos que pueden conectarse y desconectarse en caliente. El núcleo coopera con udev (Sección 9.11.3, “Cómo funciona udev”) para crearlos y eliminarlos según sea necesario cuando aparecen y desaparecen los dispositivos correspondientes. Por esta razón, /dev/ no necesita ser persistente y es un sistema de archivos basado en RAM que comienza vacío y sólo contiene los elementos relevantes.
The kernel communicates lots of information about any newly added device and hands out a pair of major/minor numbers to identify it. With this udevd can create the special file under the name and with the permissions that it wants. It can also create aliases and perform additional actions (such as initialization or registration tasks). udevd's behavior is driven by a large set of (customizable) rules usually found in /lib/udev/rules.d/ and /etc/udev/rules.d/.
Utilizando nombres asignados dinámicamente, puede mantener el mismo nombre para un dispositivo dado sin importar el conector que utilice o el orden en que lo haga, algo particularmente útil cuando utiliza varios periféricos USB. Puede llamar la primera partición del primer disco dura /dev/sda1 por cuestiones de compatibilidad, /dev/root-partition si lo prefiere o inclusive ambos simultáneamente ya que puede configurar udevd para que cree un enlace simbólico automáticamente.
In ancient times, some kernel modules did automatically load when you tried to access the corresponding device file. This is no longer the case, and the peripheral's special file no longer exists prior to loading the module; this is no big deal, since most modules are loaded on boot thanks to automatic hardware detection. But for undetectable peripherals (such as very old disk drives or PS/2 mice), this doesn't work. Consider adding the modules, floppy, psmouse and mousedev to /etc/modules or /etc/modules-load.d/ in order to force loading them on boot.
La configuración del gestor de arranque debe identificar los diferentes discos duros y sus particiones. Linux utiliza archivos especiales de «bloque» almacenados en el directorio /dev/ para este propósito. A partir de Debian Squeeze se ha unificado el esquema de nombres para los discos duros en el núcleo Linux y todos los discos duros (IDE/PATA, SATA, SCSI, USB, IEEE 1394) son representados con /dev/sd*.
Se representa cada partición por su número en el disco en el que existe: por ejemplo, /dev/sda1 es la primera partición del primer disco y /dev/sdb3 es la tercera partición del segundo disco.
La arquitectura de PC (o «i386», incluyendo también la "amd64" ) ha venido estando limitada a utilizar el formato de tabla de particiones "MS-DOS", que sólo permite cuatro particiones «primarias» por disco. Para superar esta limitación, bajo este esquema una de ellas debe ser creada como una partición «extendida» y ésta luego puede contener varias particiones «secundarias» (N.T. la denominación tradicional, al menos en España es «unidades lógicas») adicionales. Estas particiones secundarias se numeran a partir del 5. Por lo tanto, la primera partición secundaria sería /dev/sda5 seguida de /dev/sda6, etc.
Otra restricción del formato de la tabla de particiones de MS-DOS es que sólo permite discos de hasta 2 TiB de tamaño, lo cual está comenzando a ser un problema real con los discos recientes.
A new partition table format called GPT (GUID Partition Table) loosens these constraints on the number of partitions (it allows up to 128 partitions when using standard settings) and on the size of the disks (up to 8 ZiB, which is more than 8 billion terabytes). If you intend to create many physical partitions on the same disk, you should therefore ensure that you are creating the partition table in the GPT format when partitioning your disk.

QUICK LOOK The Globally Unique Identifier (GUID)

Using GPT the partition type is represented as a 16 bytes long universally unique identifier, also known as Globally Unique Identifier (GUID), which is part of the UEFI standard (see NOTE UEFI, un reemplazo moderno a la BIOS). Compared to the hex code used to determine the partition type in the MS-DOS table format, you will have a hard time trying to remember these identifiers. Fortunately there are lists with all the IDs which you can use to create partition recipes to use with sfdisk or for preseeding the Debian installer.
→ https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GUID_Partition_Table#Partition_type_GUIDs
It is not always easy to remember what disk is connected to which SATA controller, or in third position in the SCSI chain, especially since the naming of hotplugged hard drives (which includes among others most SATA disks and external disks) can change from one boot to another. Fortunately, udev creates, in addition to /dev/sd*, symbolic links with a fixed name, which you could then use if you wished to identify a hard drive in a non-ambiguous manner. These symbolic links are stored in /dev/disk/by-id/. On a machine with two physical disks, for example, one could find the following: 
mirexpress:/dev/disk/by-id# ls -l
total 0
lrwxrwxrwx 1 root root  9 jul 23 08:58 ata-STM3500418AS_9VM3L3KP -> ../../sda
lrwxrwxrwx 1 root root 10 jul 23 08:58 ata-STM3500418AS_9VM3L3KP-part1 -> ../../sda1
lrwxrwxrwx 1 root root 10 jul 23 08:58 ata-STM3500418AS_9VM3L3KP-part2 -> ../../sda2
[...]
lrwxrwxrwx 1 root root  9 jul 23 08:58 ata-WDC_WD5001AALS-00L3B2_WD-WCAT00241697 -> ../../sdb
lrwxrwxrwx 1 root root 10 jul 23 08:58 ata-WDC_WD5001AALS-00L3B2_WD-WCAT00241697-part1 -> ../../sdb1
lrwxrwxrwx 1 root root 10 jul 23 08:58 ata-WDC_WD5001AALS-00L3B2_WD-WCAT00241697-part2 -> ../../sdb2
[...]
lrwxrwxrwx 1 root root  9 jul 23 08:58 scsi-SATA_STM3500418AS_9VM3L3KP -> ../../sda
lrwxrwxrwx 1 root root 10 jul 23 08:58 scsi-SATA_STM3500418AS_9VM3L3KP-part1 -> ../../sda1
lrwxrwxrwx 1 root root 10 jul 23 08:58 scsi-SATA_STM3500418AS_9VM3L3KP-part2 -> ../../sda2
[...]
lrwxrwxrwx 1 root root  9 jul 23 08:58 scsi-SATA_WDC_WD5001AALS-_WD-WCAT00241697 -> ../../sdb
lrwxrwxrwx 1 root root 10 jul 23 08:58 scsi-SATA_WDC_WD5001AALS-_WD-WCAT00241697-part1 -> ../../sdb1
lrwxrwxrwx 1 root root 10 jul 23 08:58 scsi-SATA_WDC_WD5001AALS-_WD-WCAT00241697-part2 -> ../../sdb2
[...]
lrwxrwxrwx 1 root root  9 jul 23 16:48 usb-LaCie_iamaKey_3ed00e26ccc11a-0:0 -> ../../sdc
lrwxrwxrwx 1 root root 10 jul 23 16:48 usb-LaCie_iamaKey_3ed00e26ccc11a-0:0-part1 -> ../../sdc1
lrwxrwxrwx 1 root root 10 jul 23 16:48 usb-LaCie_iamaKey_3ed00e26ccc11a-0:0-part2 -> ../../sdc2
[...]
lrwxrwxrwx 1 root root  9 jul 23 08:58 wwn-0x5000c50015c4842f -> ../../sda
lrwxrwxrwx 1 root root 10 jul 23 08:58 wwn-0x5000c50015c4842f-part1 -> ../../sda1
[...]
mirexpress:/dev/disk/by-id#
Note that some disks are listed several times (because they behave simultaneously as ATA disks and SCSI disks), but the relevant information is mainly in the model and serial numbers of the disks, from which you can find the peripheral file. While the links in /dev/disk/by-id/ are created using the device' serial number and physical path, there are more convenience links in e.g. /dev/disk/by-label/ (based on given labels), /dev/disk/by-uuid/ (based on unique identifiers, which can change when reformatting a device using mkfs.* or mkswap), /dev/disk/by-path/ (based on shortest physical path), and /dev/disk/by-partlabel/ and /dev/disk/by-partuuid/ (only partitions with GPT labels and their unique identifiers). If you use these links, e.g. in /etc/fstab, always prefer unique identifiers over labels. You can also obtain and change this information for each partition or device using the lsblk and blkid commands.
Los archivos de configuración de ejemplo provistos en las próximas secciones están basados en la misma instalación: un único disco SATA donde la primera partición es una antigua instalación de Windows y la segunda contiene Debian GNU/Linux.

ALTERNATIVE The LILO bootloader

LILO (cargador de Linux: «LInux LOader») es el gestor de arranque más antiguo — sólido pero rústico. Escribe la dirección física del núcleo a inciar en el MBR, razón por la que debe seguir cada actualización de LILO (o su archivo de configuración) con una ejecución de lilo. Olvidarlo hará que el sistema no pueda iniciar si se eliminó o reemplazó el núcleo antiguo ya que el nuevo no estará en la misma ubicación en el disco.
El archivo de configuración de LILO es /etc/lilo.conf; se muestra en el ejemplo a continuación un archivo simple con la configuración estándar.

Ejemplo 8.4. Archivo de configuración de LILO

# El disco en el que instalar LILO
# Indicar un disco en lugar de una partición
# instalará LILO en el MBR.
boot=/dev/sda
# la partición que contiene Debian
root=/dev/sda2
# el elemento a cargar de forma predeterminada
default=Linux

# la imagen de núcleo más reciente
image=/vmlinuz
  label=Linux
  initrd=/initrd.img
  read-only

# Núcleo antiguo (si el recientemente instalado no inicia)
image=/vmlinuz.old
  label=LinuxOLD
  initrd=/initrd.img.old
  read-only
  optional

# sólo para inicio dual Linux/Windows
other=/dev/sda1
  label=Windows
As per request of the maintainer and upstream author of lilo, the bootloader has been removed from Debian 11 Bullseye and it is unlikely to make a comeback.

8.8.2. Configuración de GRUB 2

GRUB (GRand Unified Bootloader) is more recent. It is not necessary to invoke it after each update of the kernel; GRUB knows how to read the filesystems and find the position of the kernel on the disk by itself. To install it on the MBR of the first disk, simply type grub-install /dev/sda. This will overwrite the MBR, so be careful not to overwrite the wrong location. While it is also possible to install GRUB into a partition boot record, beware that it is usually a mistake and doing grub-install /dev/sda1 has not the same meaning as grub-install /dev/sda.

NOTA Nombres de disco para GRUB

GRUB can only identify hard drives based on information provided by the BIOS. (hd0) corresponds to the first disk thus detected, (hd1) the second, etc. In most cases, this order corresponds exactly to the usual order of disks under Linux, but problems can occur when you associate SCSI and IDE disks. GRUB used to store the correspondences that it detected in the file /boot/grub/device.map. Nowadays it avoids this problem using universally unique identifier (UUIDs) or file system labels when generating grub.cfg. However, the device map file is not obsolete yet, since it can be used to override when the current environment is different from the one on boot. If you find errors there (because you know that your BIOS detects drives in a different order), correct them manually and run grub-install again. grub-mkdevicemap can help creating a device.map file from which to start.
Las particiones también tienen nombres específicos en GRUB. Cuando utilice particiones «clásicas» en el formato MS-DOS, la primera partición en el primer disco corresponderá con la etiqueta (hd0, msdos1), la segunda con (hd0,msdos2), etc.
GRUB 2 configuration is stored in /boot/grub/grub.cfg, but this file (in Debian) is generated from others. Be careful not to modify it by hand, since such local modifications will be lost the next time update-grub is run (which may occur upon update of various packages). The most common modifications of the /boot/grub/grub.cfg file (to add command line parameters to the kernel or change the duration that the menu is displayed, for example) are made through the variables in /etc/default/grub. To add entries to the menu, you can either create a /boot/grub/custom.cfg file or modify the /etc/grub.d/40_custom file. For more complex configurations, you can modify other files in /etc/grub.d, or add to them; these scripts should return configuration snippets, possibly by making use of external programs. These scripts are the ones that will update the list of kernels to boot: 10_linux takes into consideration the installed Linux kernels; 20_linux_xen takes into account Xen virtual systems, and 30_os-prober adds other existing operating systems (Windows, OS X, Hurd), kernel images, and BIOS/EFI access options to the menu.

CAUTION error: symbol `grub_*' not found

One of the most often reported issues when using GRUB is that users get an error like error symbol `grub_calloc' not found and they are unable to boot the system anymore. Most of the time this error is caused by installing an updated version of GRUB that causes new modules in /boot/grub to be incompatible with old core images in the boot sector that your firmware jumps to when booting your machine. This happens on systems that are configured to run grub-install to a target device that is not actually the one that the firmware uses to boot your system (e.g. after replacing disks or moving them around - one can see the issue when running dpkg-reconfigure grub-pc showing the wrong target device). With the release of Debian 11 Bullseye (the change was also populated to Buster) the update process now checks for this issue and exits with an error in case it finds such a constellation.
→ https://bugs.debian.org/bug=966575#95
Setting up grub-pc (2.02+dfsg1-20+deb10u4) ...
/dev/disk/by-id/[..] does not exist, so cannot grub-install to it!
You must correct your GRUB install devices before proceeding:

  DEBIAN_FRONTEND=dialog dpkg --configure grub-pc
  dpkg --configure -a
dpkg: error processing package grub-pc (--configure):
 installed grub-pc package post-installation script subprocess returned error exit status 1
To fix the issue and continue the upgrade procedure, just follow the advice and run the commands given by the error message as root.

8.8.3. Using GRUB with EFI and Secure Boot

Using GRUB to boot either a traditional BIOS system (legacy or UEFI-CSM) or a UEFI system is quite different. Fortunately the user doesn't need to know the differences because Debian provides different packages for each purpose and the installer automatically cares about which one(s) to choose. The grub-pc package is chosen for legacy systems, where GRUB is installed into the MBR, while UEFI systems require grub-efi-arch, where GRUB is installed into the EFI System Partition (ESP). The latter requires a GTP partition table as well as an EFI partition.
→ https://wiki.debian.org/Grub2#UEFI_vs_BIOS_boot
To switch an existing system (supporting UEFI) from legacy to UEFI boot mode not only requires to switch the GRUB packages on the system, but also to adjust the partition table and the to create an EFI partition (probably including resizing existing partitions to create the necessary free space). It is therefore quite an elaborate process and we cannot cover it here. Fortunately, there are some manuals by bloggers describing the necessary procedures.
If you are using a system with “Secure Boot“ enabled and have installed shim-signed (see sidebar CULTURA Secure Boot y el gestor de arranque shim), you must also install grub-efi-arch-signed. This package is not pulled in automatically, only if the installation of recommended package has been enabled.