IPv6, successor to IPv4, is a newer version of the IP protocol designed to fix its flaws, most notably the scarcity of available IP addresses. This protocol handles the network layer; its purpose is to provide a way to address machines, to convey data to their intended destination, and to handle data fragmentation if needed (in other words, to split packets into chunks with a size that depends on the network links to be used on the path and to reassemble the chunks in their proper order on arrival).
I kernel Debian includono la gestione IPv6 nel nucleo centrale del kernel (con l'eccezione di alcune architetture compilate con un modulo chiamato ipv6). Strumenti di base come ping e traceroute hanno i loro equivalenti IPv6 in ping6 e traceroute6, disponibili rispettivamente nei pacchetti iputils-ping e iputils-tracepath.
La rete IPv6 è configurata in modo simile a IPv4, in /etc/network/interfaces. Se si vuole rendere questa rete accessibile a livello globale, è necessario assicurarsi di avere un router che supporti il traffico dati IPv6 verso la rete globale IPv6.
Esempio 10.10. Esempio di configurazione IPv6
iface enp7s0 inet6 static
address 2001:db8:1234:5::1:1/64
# Disabling auto-configuration
# autoconf 0
# The router is auto-configured and has no fixed address
# (accept_ra 1). If it had:
# gateway 2001:db8:1234:5::1
Le sottoreti IPv6 di solito hanno una maschera a 64 bit. Questo significa che esistono 2
64 indirizzi distinti all'interno della sottorete. Questo permette a Stateless Address Autoconfiguration (
SLAAC) di scegliere un indirizzo in base all'indirizzo MAC dell'interfaccia di rete. Per impostazione predefinita, se
SLAAC è attivato nella rete e IPv6 sul computer, il kernel troverà automaticamente i router IPv6 e configurerà le interfacce di rete.
This behavior may have privacy implications. If you switch networks frequently, e.g. with a laptop, you might not want your
MAC address being a part of your public IPv6 address. This makes it easy to identify the same device across networks. A solution to this are IPv6 privacy extensions (which Debian enables by default if IPv6 connectivity is detected during initial installation), which will assign an additional randomly generated address to the interface, periodically change them and prefer them for outgoing connections. Incoming connections can still use the address generated by SLAAC. The following example, for use in
/etc/network/interfaces, activates these privacy extensions for the interface
enp7s0.
Esempio 10.11. estensioni della privacy di IPv6
iface enp7s0 inet6 auto
# Prefer the randomly assigned addresses for outgoing connections.
privext 2
IPv6 connections can be restricted, in the same fashion as for IPv4.
nft can be used to create firewall rules for IPv4 and IPv6 (see
Sezione 14.2.3, «Sintassi di nft»).
If a native IPv6 connection is not available, the fallback method is to use a tunnel over IPv4. Hurricane Electric is one (free) provider of such tunnels:
To use a Hurricane Electric tunnel, you need to register an account, login, select a free tunnel and edit the file /etc/network/interfaces with the generated code.
You can install and configure the radvd daemon (from the similarly-named package) if you want to use the configured computer as a router for a local network. This IPv6 configuration daemon has a role similar to dhcpd in the IPv4 world.
The /etc/radvd.conf configuration file must then be created (see /usr/share/doc/radvd/examples/simple-radvd.conf as a starting point). In our case, the only required change is the prefix, which needs to be replaced with the one provided by Hurricane Electric; it can be found in the output of the ip a command, in the block concerning the he-ipv6 interface.
Then run systemctl start radvd. The IPv6 network should now work.
