2. Novidades en Debian 13

A Wiki ten máis información sobre este tema.

2.1. Arquitecturas compatibles

As seguintes arquitecturas teñen compatibilidade oficial para Debian 13:

  • PC de 64 bits (amd64)

  • ARM de 64 bits (arm64)

  • ARM EABI (armel)

  • ARMv7 (EABI con coma flotante en circuíto, armhf)

  • PowerPC con extremidade pequena (ppc64el)

  • RISC-V de 64 bits con extremidade pequena (riscv64)

  • IBM System z (s390x)

Ademáis, para sistemas de PC de 64 bits, está dispoñible un entorno de usuario de 32 bits (i386) parcial. Véxase Redúcese o esforzo para i386 para máis información.

Pode obter máis información sobre o estado da adaptación e información específica a cada adaptación nas páxinas sobre as arquitecturas de Debian.

2.2. Que novidades hai na distribución?

2.2.1. Versión oficial para riscv64

Esta é a primeira versión en saír oficialmente para a arquitectura riscv64, permitindo que as usuarias executen Debian en máquinas RISC-V de 64 bits, e beneficiándose de todas as características de Debian 13.

Para máis información sobre riscv64 en Debian, consulte a Wiki.

2.2.2. Protexerse contra ataques ROP e COP/JOP en amd64 e arm64

trixie introduce características de seguridade nas arquitecturas amd64 e arm64, deseñadas para mitigar os ataques Programación Centrada en Devolucións (ROP) e Programación Orientada a Chamadas/Saltos (COP/JOP).

No caso de amd64, emprégase a tecnoloxía de Intel para asegurar o control de fluxo (CET) e protexerse de ROP e COP/JOP. Para arm64 emprégase a autenticación de punteiros (PAC) para protexerse de ROP, e a identificación da póla obxectivo (BTI) para COP/JOP.

Estas características actívanse automaticamente se o permite a máquina. En amd64 consulte a documentación de Linux e a de Intel, e en arm64 consulte a Wiki e a documentación de ARM, que inclúen información sobre como mirar se o seu procesador ten CET e PAC/BTI, e como funcionan.

2.2.3. Arranque mediante HTTP

Xa se poden arrancar as imaxes en vivo e do instalador empregando o arranque por HTTP no «firmware» UEFI e U-Boot que o permita.

Nos sistemas con TianoCore vaia ao menú Device Manager (Xestor de Dispositivos), escolla Network Device List (Lista de Dispositivos en Rede), escolla a interface de rede, escolla HTTP Boot Configuration (Configurar o Arranque por HTTP) e escriba a URL completa da ISO a arrancar.

Para calquera outro tipo de «firmware», consulte a súa documentación correspondente.

2.2.4. Improved manual pages translations

The manpages-l10n project has contributed many improved and new translations for manual pages. Especially Romanian and Polish translations are greatly enhanced since bookworm.

2.2.5. Spell-checking support in Qt WebEngine web browsers

Web browsers based on Qt WebEngine, notably Privacy Browser and Falkon, now support spell-checking using hunspell data. The data is available in the BDIC binary dictionary format shipping in each Hunspell language package for the first time in Trixie.

More information is available in the related bug report.

2.2.6. 64-bit time_t ABI transition

All architectures other than i386 now use a 64-bit time_t ABI, supporting dates beyond 2038.

On 32-bit architectures (armel and armhf) the ABI of many libraries changed without changing the library «soname». On these architectures, third-party software and packages will need to be recompiled/rebuilt, and checked for possibly silent data loss.

The i386 architecture did not participate in this transition, since its primary function is to support legacy software.

More details can be found on the Debian wiki.

2.2.7. Debian progress towards reproducible builds

Debian contributors have made significant progress toward ensuring package builds produce byte-for-byte reproducible results. You can check the status for packages installed on your system using the new package debian-repro-status, or visit reproduce.debian.net for Debian’s overall statistics for trixie and later.

You can contribute to these efforts by joining #debian-reproducible on IRC to discuss fixes, or verify the statistics by installing the new rebuilderd package and setting up your own instance.

2.2.8. wcurl and HTTP/3 support in curl

Both the curl CLI and libcurl now have support for HTTP/3.

HTTP/3 requests can be made with the flags --http3 or --http3-only.

The curl package now ships wcurl, a wget alternative that uses curl to perform downloads.

Downloading files is as simple as wcurl URL.

2.2.9. BDIC Binary Hunspell Dictionary Support

Trixie ships .bdic binary dictionaries compiled from Hunspell source for the first time in Debian. The .bdic format was developed by Google for use in Chromium. It can be used by Qt WebEngine, which is derived from Chromium’s source. Web browsers based on Qt WebEngine can take advantage of the provided .bdic dictionaries if they have appropriate upstream support. More information is available in the related bug report.

2.2.10. Ambientes de escritorios e paquetes famosos

This new release of Debian comes with a lot more software than its predecessor bookworm; the distribution includes over 14116 new packages, for a total of over 69830 packages. Most of the software in the distribution has been updated: over 44326 software packages (this is 63% of all packages in bookworm). Also, a significant number of packages (over 8844, 12% of the packages in bookworm) have for various reasons been removed from the distribution. You will not see any updates for these packages and they will be marked as «obsolete» in package management front-ends; see Paquetes obsoletos.

Debian again ships with several desktop applications and environments. Among others it now includes the desktop environments GNOME 48, KDE Plasma 6.3, LXDE 13, LXQt 2.1.0, and Xfce 4.20.

As aplicacións de produtividade tamén foron actualizadas, xunto cos programas de ofimática:

  • LibreOffice is upgraded to version 25;

  • GNUcash is upgraded to 5.10;

Esta actualización inclúe as actualizacións dos seguintes programas, entre outros:

Paquete

Versión en 12 (bookworm)

Versión en 13 (trixie)

Apache

2.4.62

2.4.64

Bash

5.2.15

5.2.37

Servidor DNS BIND

9.18

9.20

Cryptsetup

2.6

2.7

curl/libcurl

7.88.1

8.14.1

Emacs

28.2

30.1

Exim (servidor de correo predeterminado)

4.96

4.98

GCC, a Colección de Compiladores de GNU (compilador predeterminado)

12.2

14.2

GIMP

2.10.34

3.0.4

GnuPG

2.2.40

2.4.7

Inkscape

1.2.2

1.4

a biblioteca C de GNU

2.36

2.41

Linux kernel

series 6.1

series 6.12

Conxunto de ferramentas LLVM/Clang

13.0.1 e 14.0 (por omisión) e 15.0.6

19 (por omisión), 17 e 18 dispoñible

MariaDB

10.11

11.8

Nginx

1.22

1.26

OpenJDK

17

21

OpenLDAP

2.5.13

2.6.10

OpenSSH

9.2p1

10.0p1

OpenSSL

3.0

3.5

Perl

5.36

5.40

PHP

8.2

8.4

Postfix

3.7

3.10

PostgreSQL

15

17

Python 3

3.11

3.13

Rustc

1.63

1.85

Samba

4.17

4.22

Systemd

252

257

Vim

9.0

9.1